Fractured means broken. Whether you have a complete or a partial fracture, you have a broken bone. A bone may be completely fractured or partially fractured in any number of ways (cross-wise, lengthwise, in the middle).

Fractures can happen in a variety of ways, but there are three common causes:

• Trauma accounts for most fractures. For example, a fall, a motor vehicle accident or a tackle during a football game can all result in a fracture.
• Osteoporosis also can contribute to fractures.Osteoporosis is a bone disease that results in the "thinning" of the bone. The bones become fragile and easily broken.
• Overuse sometimes results in stress fractures. These are common among athletes.

Usually, you will know immediately if you've broken a bone. You may hear a snap or cracking sound. The area around the fracture will be tender and swollen. A limb may be deformed, or a part of the bone may puncture through the skin. Doctors usually use an X-ray to verify the diagnosis. Stress fractures are more difficult to diagnose, because they may not immediately appear on an X-ray. However, there may be pain, tenderness and mild swelling.

• Closed or simple fracture The bone is broken, but the skin is not lacerated.
• Open or compound fracture The skin may be pierced by the bone or by a blow that breaks the skin at the time of the fracture. The bone may or may not be visible in the wound.

• Transverse fracture The fracture is at right angles to the long axis of the bone.
• Greenstick fracture Fracture on one side of the bone, causing a bend on the other side of the bone.
• Comminuted fracture A fracture that results in three or more bone fragments.

As soon as a fracture occurs, the body acts to protect the injured area, forming a protective blood clot and callus or fibrous tissue. New "threads" of bone cells start to grow on both sides of the fracture line. These threads grow toward each other. The fracture is closed and the callus is absorbed.

Doctors use casts, splints, pins or other devices to hold a fracture in the correct position while the bone is healing.

• External fixation methods include plaster and fiberglass casts, cast-braces, splints and other devices.
• Internal fixation methods hold the broken pieces of bone in proper position with metal plates, pins, or screws while the bone is healing. Recovery and rehabilitation

Fractures take several weeks to several months to heal, depending the extent of the injury and how well you follow Dr. Klassen's advice. Pain usually stops long before the fracture is solid enough to handle the stresses of normal activity.

Even after your cast or brace is removed, you may need to continue limiting your activity until the bone is solid enough to use in normal activity. Usually, by the time the bone is strong enough, the muscles, for instance in your leg or arm, will be weak because they haven't been used. Your ligaments may feel "stiff" from not using them. You'll need a period of rehabilitation that involves exercises and gradually increasing activity before those tissues will perform their functions normally, and the healing process is complete.

"Thank goodness it's only a fracture. I thought it might be broken." People often think that a fracture is less severe than a broken bone, but fractures are broken bones.

To understand why bones break, it helps to know what bones do and what they are made of. The bones of the body form the human frame, or skeleton, which supports and protects the softer parts of the body. Bones are living tissue. They grow rapidly during one's early years, and renew themselves when they are broken.

Bones have a center called the marrow, which is softer than the outer part of the bone. Bone marrow has cells that develop into red blood cells that carry oxygen to all parts of the body and into white blood cells that help fight disease. Bones also contain the minerals calcium and phosphorus. These minerals are combined in a crystal-like or latticework structure. Because of their unique structure, bones can bear large amounts of weight.